About Homocysteine
Homocysteine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid derived from the metabolism of methionine, an essential amino acid. It is considered an intermediary in the methionine cycle and can be converted into either methionine or cysteine through enzymatic reactions involving vitamin B12, B6, and folate. Elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood, a condition known as hyperhomocysteinemia, are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and thromboembolic events.
Reference Values
Optimal Range
5.0 - 15.0 µmol/L
Women's Optimal Range
5.0 - 15.0 µmol/L
Elite Value
Not specified
Health Implications
High
Elevated levels may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack and stroke, due to its association with atherosclerosis.
Low
Low levels may be associated with malabsorption conditions, potentially leading to deficiencies in vitamins B6, B12, and folate which are crucial for neurological function.
Symptoms
High
May include fatigue, headaches, difficulty in concentrating, irritability, and forgetfulness.
Low
Can include dizziness, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, and fatigue.
Lifestyle Factors
Specimen Type
Testing Methods
Also Known As
Scientific Sources
- 1. Smith, A. D., Refsum, H., & Bottiglieri, T. (2020). Homocysteine and Dementia: An Update. *Journal of Alzheimer's Disease*, 76(3), 775-782.
- 2. Ganguly, P., & Alam, S. F. (2019). Role of Homocysteine in the Development of Cardiovascular Disease. *Nutrition Journal*, 18(1), 75.
- 3. McCully, K. S. (2021). Homocysteine, Vitamins, and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. *American Journal of Clinical Nutrition*, 114(1), 15-22.
- 4. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Homocysteine: Health Information. *NIH Office of Dietary Supplements*.
- 5. American Heart Association. (2023). Homocysteine and Heart Disease. *AHA Newsroom*.